Tổng hợp Từ vựng IELTS – Unit 18: The law

Crime

1.1   Put the following into order from least to most serious. Which do you think are considered to be crimes?

arson    burglary    fraud    vandalism kidnapping    murder    pickpocketing smuggling    swearing    dumping toxic waste

 

Đáp án:

Crimes: arson, burglary, fraud, kidnapping, murder, smuggling.

Petty crimes:  pickpocketing, vandalism.

Swearing is offensive but is not a crime.

Dumping toxic waste is not considered a crime in all areas.

 

1.2  Now read the text and decide whether statements 1-7 are true or false. Write the words from the text which mean the same as or the opposite of the words in italics.

Crime

Crime is defined by society and relative to the society defining it. Traditionally, crime is considered an offence, a violation of public rules or laws. Crime is defined within each society by specific criminal laws on a national, state and local level. Actions that are offensive to an individual or group of people, but do not violate laws are not crimes. Punishment or other sanctions result from the violation of these laws, and the social system for monitoring and enforcing public rules or laws is put into action. The social system generally consists of an administrative authority that formally deals with crime and a force of representative officers to enforce the laws and act on behalf of society. Being guilty of a criminal act usually involves some form of conscious evil intent or recklessness. In unintentional cases, such as crimes committed by children or the insane, the criminal is not usually punished in the same manner as is intentional crime.

Theories of crime and criminal activity are numerous and varied, but the reasons behind crime remain elusive. Theories suggest many possible causes. One theory suggests that property crime depends on criminal motive and opportunities to perpetrate crime. It also contends that crime is influenced by the degree to which others guard over neighbourhoods and other people. This particular theory relates an increase in crime rate to an increase in crime opportunity and a decrease in protection. Research also shows that income inequality correlates to property crime.

1       Offence is another word for crime.

2      The word offensive  is related  to crime.

3       It is the duty of the police to violate the law.

4      Generally, people who are guilty of a crime  are aware of what they are doing.

5       The explanations for crime are difficult to find

6     Crime can increase if people protect their property less

7       Crime on property is linked to the different amounts of money people earn.

 

Đáp án:

1. True (crime is considered an offence)
2. False (actions that ore offensive to on individual or group of people, but do not violate laws are not crimes)
3. False (they must enforce the law, violate the law means the same as break the law)
4. True (being guilty of a criminal act usually involves some form of conscious evil intent – conscious = aware)
5. True (the reasons behind crime remain elusive – elusive = difficult to find)
6. True (crime is influenced by the degree to which others guard over neighborhoods and other people – protect = guard)
7. True (research  also shows that income inequality correlates to property crime – is linked= correlates)

 

1.3  WORD BUILDING Complete the table.

Noun	Verb	Adjective
crime	c ……….. a crime
	deter
	enforce
	offend
prevention
prison
punishment

 

 

Đáp án:

Noun	Verb	Adjective
crime	commit a crime	criminal
deterrent	deter	deterrent
enforcement	enforce	enforceable
offence	offend	offensive
prevention	prevent	preventable
prison, imprisonment, prisoner	imprison	imprisoned
punishment	punish	punishable

 

1.4   Complete the sentences with a suitable word from the table in 1.3.

1    All ………..acts should be punished.

2   Every society needs a strong system of law ……….. .

3    People who ………..crimes are often victims themselves.

4    I think dumping toxic waste should be made a ………. offence. There is little to ………… people from doing this at the moment.

5    I think we could have ……….. this crime by fitting an extra lock on the door.

 

Đáp án:

1. criminal
2. enforcement
3. commit
4. criminal/punishable, deter
5. prevented

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